🦠Outbreaks
🌍 Türkiye•24 Aug 2026
lsd surveillance highlights the importance of rapid outbreak response
Recent developments underline the importance of surveillance, early detection and coordinated disease-control measures.
lsd Intelligence
LSD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease primarily affecting cattle and water buffalo. It is an important transboundary livestock disease because outbreaks can cause substantial losses through reduced milk production, weight loss, infertility, hide damage, mortality and trade restrictions.
LSD
Lumpy Skin Disease
An infectious viral disease primarily affecting cattle and water buffalo
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Disease Overview
Understanding LSD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae.
Key Point
LSD is primarily a vector-borne disease. Early recognition, vector control, isolation of affected animals and appropriate disease-control measures are important to limit transmission and reduce disease impact.
Disease Intelligence
Explore the Key Questions
Select a question below to explore detailed information about the disease.
Clinical Signs
Recognizing LSD Symptoms
Signs & Symptoms
What should you look for?
✓High fever
✓Depression and weakness
✓Loss of appetite
✓Weight loss
✓Firm skin nodules
✓Papules and multiple raised lesions
✓Enlarged lymph nodes
✓Limb, chest and udder oedema
✓Nasal discharge
✓Lacrimation / ocular discharge
✓Respiratory difficulty
✓Secondary pneumonia
✓Reduced milk production
✓Poor growth
✓Reduced feed intake
✓Reduced fertility
✓Temporary or permanent sterility in bulls
✓Reproductive tract involvement
✓Abortion may occur
✓Necrotic lesions
✓Ulceration and scab formation
✓Secondary bacterial infections
✓Mastitis
✓Severe oedema
✓Emaciation
✓Prolonged recovery
✓Death in severe cases
LSD Timeline
Follow the typical progression of Lumpy Skin Disease — from initial exposure to the development of clinical signs and recovery.
Key Takeaway
LSD can spread rapidly under favourable conditions, particularly when vector activity is high. Early recognition, isolation of affected animals, vector control, vaccination, movement management and appropriate biosecurity are important components of disease control.
Transmission & Risk Intelligence
Understand how Lumpy Skin Disease moves between animals and farms, which transmission routes matter most, and how environmental, movement and farm-management factors can increase risk.
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LSDV transmission is predominantly associated with blood-feeding arthropods. Infected blood can be mechanically transferred from an infected animal to a susceptible animal through biting vectors.
✓Blood-feeding flies can mechanically transmit LSDV
✓Mosquitoes may contribute to transmission
✓Ticks may also act as potential vectors
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Vector abundance and activity are important determinants of LSD transmission. Higher vector activity can increase opportunities for virus transfer between cattle.
✓Blood-feeding flies
✓Mosquitoes
✓Ticks
✓Vector abundance and activity
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Environmental conditions can influence vector abundance and activity. Warm and humid conditions may favour vector activity and have been associated with increased LSD incidence in epidemiological studies.
✓Temperature can influence vector activity
✓Humidity can support vector activity
✓Seasonal conditions can influence transmission risk
Movement of infected animals can transport LSDV into previously unaffected farms and regions. Once introduced, local vectors can facilitate further transmission.
✓Infected cattle can carry LSDV to new locations
✓Transport can connect distant farms and regions
✓New farms may expose infected animals to local vectors
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Transmission Risk
HOW DOES LSD SPREAD?
Lumpy Skin Disease is primarily spread by blood-feeding arthropods through mechanical transmission of LSDV-containing blood. Animal movement, vector abundance, environmental conditions, cattle density and gaps in biosecurity can increase transmission opportunities.
7 KEY RISK FACTORS
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Key Intelligence
LSD transmission is predominantly driven by blood-feeding vectors and can be amplified by animal movement, livestock markets, high cattle density, favourable vector conditions and poor vector control or biosecurity. Direct animal-to-animal transmission is generally less important than vector-mediated transmission.
LSD Vaccine Intelligence
Understand how LSD vaccines stimulate protective immunity, the major vaccine approaches used for disease control, and why vaccinated cattle may still develop clinical disease.
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Vaccination introduces viral antigens that stimulate the immune system before exposure to virulent LSDV. Both antibody-mediated and cellular immune responses contribute to protection.
✓LSD vaccine introduces relevant viral antigens
✓Antigen recognition activates the immune system
✓B cells contribute to antibody-mediated immunity
✓T cells contribute to cellular immune responses
✓LSDV-specific immune memory develops
✓Immunological memory supports protection against future exposure
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LSD control programmes use different Capripoxvirus vaccine approaches, including live attenuated LSDV vaccines and sheeppox or goatpox-based vaccines. Homologous LSDV vaccines are specifically developed using LSDV vaccine strains.
✓Live attenuated LSDV vaccines
✓Sheeppox-based vaccines
✓Goatpox-based vaccines
✓Homologous LSDV vaccines
✓Vaccine selection should consider local disease epidemiology
✓Correct vaccination practices are essential for effective protection
Vaccination is one of the principal tools for LSD control. Vaccinated cattle can develop stronger protective immune responses and have a lower risk of clinical disease following exposure.
✓Vaccination increases population immunity
✓Immune activation reduces susceptibility
✓Vaccinated cattle can have reduced clinical disease
✓Reduced disease can limit production and economic losses
✓Protection depends on vaccine quality and correct administration
✓Vaccination should be combined with surveillance and vector control
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Vaccine Performance
WHY CAN LSD OCCUR AFTER VACCINATION?
LSD occurring in a vaccinated herd does not automatically mean vaccine failure. Vaccine quality, cold-chain management, administration, vaccination timing, herd coverage, vector pressure, animal health and viral variation should be evaluated.
7 KEY FACTORS
Key Factors
Select a factor to explore its details.
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Key Intelligence
LSD occurring after vaccination does not automatically indicate vaccine failure. Investigation should include laboratory confirmation, vaccination history, vaccine batch and expiry, cold-chain records, reconstitution and administration, vaccination coverage, timing, vector pressure and animal health. Genetic characterization may be considered when indicated.
Vaccination Case Studies
Explore evidence from vaccine efficacy studies and field investigations showing how vaccination, vector control, environmental conditions, vaccine handling and population immunity influence LSD control.
Explore Case Studies
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Part 08 • Global Disease Surveillance
Global lsd Outbreaks
Explore the major Foot-and-Mouth Disease (lsd) events that shaped modern prevention, control, vaccination and eradication strategies.
Surveillance dashboard
Global lsd situation overview
1 Active5 Resolved8 Events tracked
Global Disease Timeline
Major lsd Events
Key historical and recent lsd events that shaped modern disease surveillance, prevention, vaccination, movement control and outbreak-response strategies.
Explore Timeline
Surveillance Records
Regional PPR Events
8 records shown
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Global Intelligence
What the Global lsd History Tells Us
lsd history demonstrates that animal movement, international trade, wildlife reservoirs, high-density livestock production, gaps in biosecurity and susceptible populations can drive transboundary spread. Sustained surveillance, vaccination, movement management, early detection, rapid response and coordinated international preparedness remain essential components of lsd control.
Global lsd News
Track the latest developments in lsd outbreaks, vaccines, policy and scientific research around the world.
Feed Status
Monitoring Active
Featured🦠
Outbreak
Global lsd Intelligence
🌍 Türkiye•24 Aug 2026
Latest Update24 Aug 2026
lsd surveillance highlights the importance of rapid outbreak response
Recent developments underline the importance of surveillance, early detection and coordinated disease-control measures.
🌍 TürkiyeOutbreaks
Latest
Latest Updates
💉Vaccines
🌍 India•22 Aug 2026
Vaccine matching remains central to lsd control strategies
Vaccine selection and antigenic matching continue to be important considerations in regional lsd vaccination programmes.
lsd Intelligence
🌍Policy
🌍 Global•20 Aug 2026
International coordination strengthens livestock disease preparedness
Cross-border coordination, surveillance and movement controls remain important tools for reducing transboundary disease risks.
lsd Intelligence
🔬Research
🌍 Global•18 Aug 2026
Researchers continue monitoring lsd virus evolution
Ongoing research focuses on virus evolution, antigenic characteristics and improving disease surveillance.
lsd Intelligence
⚠️Outbreaks
🌍 Middle East•16 Aug 2026
Regional lsd monitoring remains a priority
Veterinary authorities continue strengthening monitoring and reporting systems to identify emerging disease activity.
lsd Intelligence
🧬Vaccines
🌍 Africa•14 Aug 2026
Vaccination programmes focus on improving population protection
Improving vaccination coverage and maintaining effective vaccination schedules remain key components of lsd control.
lsd Intelligence
ℹ️
Intelligence Feed
News content should be connected to verified veterinary authorities, international organisations, research institutions and trusted news sources. Dates, countries and outbreak information should be refreshed automatically when a live feed is connected.
LSD By The Numbers
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), with major impacts on animal health, productivity and livestock livelihoods.
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0110–20%Morbidity
Typical Morbidity
WOAH describes typical LSD morbidity as approximately 10–20%, although rates can vary between outbreaks and populations.
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021–5%Mortality
Typical Mortality
Typical mortality is generally low, around 1–5%, but severe outbreaks can produce substantially different outcomes.
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037–19Days
Nodule Development
Characteristic skin nodules can develop approximately 7–19 days after infection.
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04CattlePrimary Host
Principal Host
Cattle are the principal clinically affected host of LSD.
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051Virus Species
LSDV
LSD is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus, a Capripoxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family.
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TRANSMISSION INTELLIGENCE
How does LSD spread?
LSDV transmission is predominantly associated with blood-feeding arthropods such as biting flies, mosquitoes and ticks. Direct animal-to-animal transmission is generally inefficient compared with vector-mediated spread.
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Infected Cattle
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LSDV
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Blood-Feeding Vectors
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Vector Transmission
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Susceptible Cattle
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Why LSD matters
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Reduced Milk Production
Clinical disease can cause significant reductions in milk production.
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Weight Loss
Affected animals may experience reduced body condition and weight gain.
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Reproductive Losses
LSD can contribute to reproductive problems, including temporary or permanent bull infertility.
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Hide Damage
Skin lesions can cause permanent damage to hides and reduce their commercial value.
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Treatment Costs
Outbreaks increase expenditure on supportive treatment, veterinary care and management.
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Vaccination Costs
Preventive vaccination programmes require additional investment for disease control.
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Vector Control
Control of biting insects and other vectors adds to outbreak-management costs.
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Movement Restrictions
Disease outbreaks can lead to restrictions on animal movement and livestock trade.
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Trade Disruption
LSD can disrupt livestock value chains and create wider economic consequences.
VIRUS INTELLIGENCE
Understanding LSDV
Lumpy Skin Disease is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.
LSDV • 1 Serotype
LSDVVirus
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus is the causative agent of LSD.
PoxFamily
LSDV belongs to the Poxviridae family of large DNA viruses.
CapriGenus
LSDV belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus.
dsDNAGenome
The virus contains a double-stranded DNA genome.
1Serotype
LSDV is recognised as having one serotype.
DNA
Double-Stranded DNA Virus
LSDV has a large double-stranded DNA genome characteristic of poxviruses.
Pox
Poxviridae Family
LSDV belongs to the Poxviridae family and Capripoxvirus genus.
CAP
Capripoxvirus
Sheeppox and goatpox viruses are closely related but are distinct virus species within the same genus.
1
Single Serotype
LSDV is recognised as having one serotype, unlike FMDV which has multiple serotypes.
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Vector-Driven Disease
Blood-feeding arthropods play the major role in LSDV transmission, making vector control an important part of outbreak management.
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Major Livestock Impact
LSD can reduce milk production, growth and reproductive performance while causing hide damage and additional management costs.
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Vaccination is Critical
Vaccination helps increase population immunity and should be combined with surveillance, vector control, movement control and biosecurity.
ℹ️
Disease estimates can vary substantially between outbreaks, animal populations and epidemiological settings. The figures presented here are intended as general LSD disease-intelligence indicators and should not be interpreted as fixed outcomes for every outbreak.
Research & Evidence
Explore scientific literature, international guidance, surveillance evidence and India-specific research related to Lumpy Skin Disease.
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Evidence Base
Research • Surveillance • Reports
📄Scientific Papers
🌍WOAH
🌾FAO
🔬Research
📊Reports
01
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Scientific Literature
Peer-reviewed LSD research provides evidence on vaccine efficacy, pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, molecular characterization and disease control.
02
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International Guidance
WOAH and FAO provide authoritative information on LSD epidemiology, vector-associated transmission, surveillance, vaccination, outbreak response and disease control.
03
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India-Specific Evidence
Indian research provides evidence on LSD outbreaks, molecular epidemiology, climatic risk factors, vector-associated transmission and vaccine development across affected regions.
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Efficacy of lumpy skin disease vaccines in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maneekesorn S, Koonyosying P, Muenthaisong A, et al.
Microbial Pathogenesis. 2025;206:107836.
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107836
A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and performance of LSD vaccines in cattle, including clinical protection and immune responses.
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Useful For
Vaccine efficacy • Clinical protection • Neutralizing antibodies • Vaccine performance
2025Explore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Epidemiology, genetic characterization and population structure analysis of LSDV from North India
Indian LSDV epidemiological and molecular research group
Research on LSDV isolates from North India
Research investigating the epidemiology, genetic characteristics and population structure of LSDV circulating in North India, including important affected states.
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Useful For
Haryana • Rajasthan • Himachal Pradesh • LSDV genetics • 2022 outbreaks
2022Explore
ResearchHighResearch
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Space-Time Clustering and Climatic Risk Factors for LSD in Uttar Pradesh, India
Indian epidemiological research
Spatial and climatic epidemiology study of LSD in Uttar Pradesh
Examines the spatial and temporal distribution of LSD outbreaks and evaluates climatic factors associated with disease occurrence in Uttar Pradesh.
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Useful For
Seasonality • Temperature • Humidity • Spatial clustering • Outbreak surveillance
IndiaExplore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Epidemiology, risk factor and R₀ investigation of an LSD outbreak in Punjab, India
Indian veterinary epidemiological research
LSD outbreak investigation in Punjab
Field epidemiological investigation evaluating risk factors, transmission dynamics and estimated basic reproduction number during an LSD outbreak in Punjab.
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Useful For
R₀ • Vector risk • Flies • Ticks • Farm-level epidemiology
IndiaExplore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Molecular Epidemiology of LSD Outbreak in Odisha
Indian molecular epidemiology research
Molecular investigation of LSDV in Odisha
Research characterizing LSDV associated with the Odisha outbreak and evaluating molecular epidemiology and potential risk factors.
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Useful For
2020 Odisha outbreak • Molecular characterization • Risk factors • Indian epidemiology
2020Explore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Emergency vaccination of cattle against lumpy skin disease: Evaluation of safety, efficacy, and potency of MEVAC® LSD vaccine containing Neethling strain
Bazid AH, Wasfy M, Fawzy M, Nayel M, Abdelmegeid M, et al.
Veterinary Research Communications. 2023;47(2):767–777.
Evaluates the safety, efficacy and potency of an LSD vaccine containing the Neethling strain in cattle during emergency vaccination.
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Useful For
Emergency vaccination • Vaccine safety • Efficacy • Potency • Neethling strain
2023Explore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Vaccines and vaccination against lumpy skin disease
Tuppurainen E, Dietze K, Wolff J, et al.
Vaccines. 2021;9(10):1136.
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101136
Comprehensive review of vaccines used against LSD, vaccination strategies, vaccine characteristics and factors influencing protection.
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Useful For
Vaccines • Vaccination strategies • Vaccine selection • Disease control
2021Explore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Pathogenicity and virulence of lumpy skin disease virus: A comprehensive update
Kumar N, Sharma S, Tripathi BN
Virulence. 2025;16(1):2495108.
Comprehensive scientific review of LSDV pathogenicity, virulence mechanisms and factors influencing disease severity.
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Useful For
Pathogenicity • Virulence • Disease severity • LSDV biology
2025Explore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Appearance of skin lesions in cattle populations vaccinated against lumpy skin disease: statutory challenge
Brenner J, Bellaiche M, Gross E, et al.
Vaccine. 2009;27(10):1500–1503.
Investigates the appearance of skin lesions following LSDV challenge in vaccinated cattle and contributes to understanding vaccine-associated clinical protection.
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Useful For
Vaccinated cattle • Skin lesions • Challenge studies • Clinical protection
2009Explore
Scientific LiteratureHighScientific Papers
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Lumpy skin disease: preliminary vaccine efficacy assessment and overview on outbreak impact in dairy cattle at Debre Zeit, central Ethiopia
Ayelet G, Abate Y, Sisay T, et al.
Antiviral Research. 2013;98(2):261–265.
Reports preliminary vaccine efficacy observations and assesses the impact of LSD outbreaks on dairy cattle production.
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Useful For
Vaccine efficacy • Dairy cattle • Outbreak impact • Production losses
2013Explore
WOAHHighWOAH
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Lumpy Skin Disease
World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)
WOAH Disease Information
Authoritative reference covering LSD disease definition, susceptible hosts, clinical signs, transmission, economic impact, zoonotic status and prevention and control.
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Useful For
Disease definition • Hosts • Clinical signs • Transmission • Economic impact • Zoonotic status • Control
Current Disease InformationExplore
WOAHHighWOAH
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Lumpy Skin Disease — WOAH Terrestrial Manual
World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)
WOAH Terrestrial Manual
Technical reference covering laboratory diagnosis, sample collection, virus detection, PCR and epidemiological investigation of LSD.
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Useful For
Laboratory diagnosis • Sample collection • PCR • Virus detection • Epidemiological investigation
Current Technical ReferenceExplore
FAOHighFAO
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Lumpy Skin Disease Prevention and Control
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
FAO Animal Health
Provides guidance on LSD epidemiology, vector-associated transmission, surveillance, vaccination, genomic surveillance and outbreak response.
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Useful For
Epidemiology • Vector transmission • Surveillance • Vaccination • Genomic surveillance • Outbreak response
Current GuidanceExplore
Indian ResearchHighResearch
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Indian LSD Research: Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization and Disease Control
ICAR–NRCE / ICAR–IVRI and Indian veterinary research institutions
India-specific LSD research
Indian research has addressed the emergence of LSD in 2019, major outbreak waves, molecular epidemiology, vector-associated transmission, climatic risk factors and vaccine development.
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Useful For
2019 emergence • 2022 outbreak wave • Molecular epidemiology • Vector transmission • Climate risk • Vaccine development
2019–PresentExplore
ICARHighReports
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Indigenous Homologous Live-Attenuated LSD Vaccine Development in India
ICAR–NRCE / ICAR–IVRI
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
India has developed an indigenous homologous live-attenuated vaccine approach against LSD, representing an important development in national disease-control preparedness.
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Useful For
Indigenous vaccine • Homologous vaccine • Live-attenuated vaccine • Indian disease control
2026Explore
Evidence Framework
How to interpret LSD evidence
Different evidence sources answer different questions. Scientific studies help explain LSD biology, epidemiology, transmission and vaccine performance, while official WOAH and FAO resources provide authoritative information on surveillance, disease control and outbreak response.
01
Peer-Reviewed Research
Vaccine efficacy, pathogenesis, epidemiology, molecular characterization, transmission and risk factors
02
WOAH Evidence
Disease definition, hosts, clinical signs, transmission, diagnosis, surveillance and official disease-control guidance
03
FAO Evidence
Epidemiology, vector-associated transmission, vaccination, surveillance and outbreak response
04
India-Specific Research
Indian outbreaks, molecular epidemiology, climatic risk, vector-associated transmission and vaccine development
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Evidence First
Reliable LSD intelligence should be based on traceable scientific publications, official WOAH and FAO guidance, Indian research and authoritative technical assessments.
Peer-Reviewed Scientific Evidence
HIGHOfficial WOAH / FAO Guidance
HIGHIndian Research & Surveillance
HIGHTechnical Risk Assessments
HIGHField Reports
VARIABLEℹ️
Source Integrity
LSD evidence should be interpreted using the original scientific publication, official WOAH or FAO guidance, Indian research publication or authoritative technical report. Individual study findings should not automatically be interpreted as a guarantee of vaccine, treatment or disease-control effectiveness.